The History of Bipolar Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1307 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Bipolar Disorder Essay Did you like this example? While Bipolar disorder most likely dates back as far as when our ancestors first came into existence, the earliest documentation we have on bipolar disorder goes back to 300- 400 BC the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had thanked melancholia for the gifts of artists, poets, and writers, the creative minds of his time. Whereas Greek physician Hippocrates believed that the state of depression (melancholy, melancholia) resulted from an excess of black bile in the body. The ancient physicians practiced medicine and diagnosis based on the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of humorism, that four bodily fluids ( blood, yellow bile, black bile, and green phlegm) affect human personality traits. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History of Bipolar Disorder" essay for you Create order Moods, emotions, and behaviors. (This appears to be the earliest documented discovery of bipolar disorder.) In ancient times, it was documented that bipolar sufferers were treated inhumanely and sometimes sent to their premature deaths due to extreme treatments/punishments.In the earliest days of documentation, these people were viewed as crazy, possessed by the devil or demons, Dr. Gardenswartz says. The people ought to know that the brain is the sole origin of pleasures and joys, laughter and jests, sadness and worry as well as dysphoria, and differentiate between feeling ashamed, good, bad, happy Through the brain we become insane, enraged, we develop anxiety and fears, which can come in the night or during the day, we suffer from sleeplessness, we make mistakes and have unfounded worries, we lose the ability to recognize reality, we become apathetic and we cannot participate in social life We suffer all those mentioned above through the brain when it is ill Hippocrates (460-337 BC) Centuries would come and no new research or advances on bipolar disorder or mental illness would be conducted. It wasnt until the 18th and 19th century when developments in science and medicine were fast underway. Studies conducted allowed researchers, physicians, and early psychiatrist the opportunity to truly learn and grow an understanding of the disorder. It is at this time in 1854 when two French Psychiatrists Jean-Pierre Falret and Jules Baillarger began their individual research on bipolar disorder. Both men presented their research and reports on the disorder to the Academy of Medicine in Paris. Baillarger called his diagnosis to the disorder dual-form insanity and Falret called the disorder circular insanity, this is believed to be the first recorded diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Falfret was the first to identify that bipolar disorder is genetically linked. In his research, he followed 6 individual with bipolar symptoms and their families. He found that other family members showed symptoms as well. In 1902 a German psychiatrist by the name of Emil Kraepelin, who is considered the founder of the field of pharmacopsychology what is known today as psychopharmacology. Kraepelin is best recognized for his work in classifying mental disorders and for bringing together and analyzing the influence of biology on mental disorders, including bipolar disorder. Up until this time, most psychiatrists classified the symptoms of bipolar illness as a diagnosis for schizophrenia. It was through Dr. Kraepelins studies and diagnosis that a new term for the disorder was established Manic-depressive Psychosis. along with Manic-depression the term Kraepelin used to describe mental illnesses centered in emotional or mood problems. By the 1950s, German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard and his colleagues developed the classification system that led to the term bipolar, differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression. According to Robert L. Spitzer, MD, professor of psychiatry at Columbia University. The term bipolar logically emphasizes the two poles, Specifically, it is known that people with unipolar depression experience drops in mood, and people with bipolar depression usually experience both depressed and elevated moods in a cyclical manner. By 1952 the DSM American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for classifying mental illnesses was available and was a big help in diagnosing many mental illnesses. The breakthroughs would come in the late 1970s and early 1980s when a lot more funding became available for research and studies into behavioral health. It was during this time in 1980 when Dr. Spitzer and his team wrote the third version and a major revision to the DSM. The 3rd version is considered a bible and a scientific instrument of enormous power by specialists and others in the professions, having done away with a one-size-fits-all classification system. Since then a fourth revision has been published in 2000 and a fifth in 2013. Along with the DSM, another relevant major system of classification is the International Classification of Diseases (10th revision, ICD-10, and the revised 11th revision, ICD-11) published by the World Health Organization. Both manuals ha ve deliberately merged their diagnoses to some extent, but there are some differences. An example is that ICD-10 does not include narcissistic personality disorder as a distinct category, while DSM-5 does not include enduring personality change after a tragic or stressful experience or after a psychiatric illness. While times have changed as did the names of mental disorders. so did the range of medical treatments for those with bipolar disorder. A new revision to the DSM is in the talks as of 2014 the revision would include removing a current concept of childhood bipolar disorder to the bipolar field and create a new disorder category called: Temper Dysregulation Disorder with Dysphoria (TDD). During the 1940s strong sedatives and barbiturates were prescribed especially to the grief-struck war veterans coming back from the war. prior to the 1950s and into the late 1950s; patients who showed signs of mental illness, delay or bipolar disorder were also institutionalized to separate them from others. Hot baths were used in the ancient times and continued to be used through the ages, presumed to calm the person down. Bleeding a patient was also a treatment used, thought to help cleanse the body of toxins and useful for balancing the patients system with the hopes the patient mind find mental relief. Electroconvulsive shock therapy and prefrontal lobotomies emerged as two more radical treatment options until new methods evolved and were accepted. Psychotropic medicine was developed and in its early stages, it was prescribed to young children as old 2 years old who seemed to fit a mood disorder like bipolar disorder. Dangerous consequences permanent irreversible damage and deat h came along with these treatments and were found to be inhumane and have since been banned for medical practice. Since the discovery and arrival lithium, the choices in medications (including antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants) combined with supportive, cognitive behavioral and insight-oriented counseling and care, have provided new tools to confront and manage bipolar disorder. We have come along way and Our understanding of bipolar disorder has certainly evolved since ancient times. Great advances in education and treatment have been and are being made in just the past century alone. In the next several decades, Drs believe we will see an increased differentiation of symptoms and of treatments, and possibly, the ability to prevent and detect the onset of the disorder. Still, theres a lot of work to be done because many people today arent getting the treatment they need to lead better quality lives. Thankfully, continuous research is ongoing to help us better un derstand even more about this confusing chronic condition. The more we learn about bipolar disorder, the more people may be able to receive the care they need. Research: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml From Mania to Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderClinical and Neurobiological Foundations https://davidhealy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2010-Healy-Mania-ch1.pdf A Short History of Bipolar DisorderPsychology Today https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201206/short-history-bipolar-disorder Demily C, Jacquet P, Marie-Cardine M. How to differentiate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder using cognitive assessment? Encephale. 2009;35:139â€Å"45. Vitiello B. Psychopharmacology for young children: clinical needs and research opportunities. Pediatrics. 2001;108(4):983â€Å"89. [PubMed] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Personality Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). pp. 645â€Å"84. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. PMC 4471981.

School Systems Should Provide Foreign Language Classes

Hello. ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€šBonjour. Gutentag. All of these words are communicate the same greeting. However, I bet that if most students were to elaborate on each language they wouldn’t get much farther these generic greetings. While we are introduced to the various worlds of languages from an early age, there is a lack of consistent and in depth education. From a young age, I had a desire to learn any language other than English. I took two years of Spanish in middle school and then took three years of Chinese in high school. However, it wasn’t until college where I decided to minor in Chinese that I truly began to grasp and appreciate the language. And only now in my sixth year of learning Chinese are the concepts starting to come together.†¦show more content†¦As they begin to feel comfortable, they start repeating after words they hear usually beginning with â€Å"mommy†, â€Å"daddy† and â€Å"no†. While this initial speaking usually h appens around thirteen to fourteen months, a baby can begin learning their language skills before they are born. This concept is explained in the article â€Å"The Power of the Bilingual Brain†, â€Å"The human auditory system is functional from the third trimester on, and the loudest thing an in utero baby hears is its mother s voice, speaking whatever language or languages she knows. Those sounds, with their characteristic rhythms and phonemes, are poured straight into the baby s brain and become comfortingly familiar† (Klugger). We begin developing our languages before we are even aware we have a voice. (Echoing salience) Starting the language skills at an early age is crucial and while not all have the chance to begin hearing multiple languages before birth, introducing your child to a foreign language soon after is key. At Spring Lane Elementary School in Utah the children take half of their classes in English and the other half of their classes in Chinese. Their teacher, April Ridge, studied Chinese in preparation for a two year missions trip remarks on their success, They made steady progress through the year, Ridge says. We started school in August when they could speak only English. They were able to follow directions in Mandarin by January. After that came speaking, then reading, then

Multicultural Education versus the Common Culture Free Essays

Modernized education particularly makes it possible for every individual to develop as a fine individual that he ought to be. As a primary part of the society, each individual is entitled to an education that is made to give him the needed knowledge that he ought to receive for him to have a better outlook on life.   Certainly, education’s main aim is to create a possibility for each individual to develop as a fine member of the human society. We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Education versus the Common Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The common set-up of education has been originated from the local-based teaching and learning process. The students are taught by their teachers in a classroom with which the students belong to one race and are mostly having the same situation in an economic perspective. However, the common culture in providing education to the younger generation of each civilization already changed with the introduction of the new technologies and the modern system of economy as suggested by the global trade. Through the aims of economists to create a global market of people who are interconnected for the sake of the advancement of global economy, the introduction of modern technological communication devices were also made possible. The creation of network connections through the utilization of Internet has been a primary result of the said globalization movement. On the other face of the situation, it could be observed that another result of the said movement towards economic liberalization is that there are numerous immigrants who opt to transfer places or even countries to be able to cope up with the major changes in the society especially with regards the economic progress. As a result, several classrooms around the world are subjected to assisting students from different cultures, different races that are also having their own individual capabilities as per based form the race that they primarily belong to. Aside form this, the primary subjects that used to be the only topics that are discussed within the four walls of the classroom increased and were added up with particular social issues that mainly concerns the multi-racial classes that they handle. For this reason, this paper shall discuss the ethical issues, the educational problems and the teaching adjustments that are taken by educators in presenting their lessons to their classes. By doing so, the author of this paper then aims to particularly address the issues brought about by modernization towards the common culture that used to be the basis of knowledge enhancement during the past decades of human society. The importance of education in the human society has mainly made it a reason of debate among education enthusiasts and experts who are concerned on which type of education is actually more efficient for the society; common culture education or the multicultural education, which is currently a trend in the field of education. To know both sides of the argument, knowing what the both ids of the debate pertain to, would help much in the clearing of the issue. What is the Common Culture all about? Mostly, traditional educational institutions plainly deal with the outlined lessons that are supposed to be taught to the students. This includes subjects such as Mathematics, Language, Science, Crafts or Home Economics and History. These particular subjects are taught to a group of students who are coming from the same race and are having a common ground. Hence, the focus of the education is more on providing the students with the necessary knowledge that they need to incur for better individual developments rather than focusing on the social involvement of the young learners. It is by the outlined pattern of teaching common education that only the essential factors of life are taught to the students within the classrooms. While on the other hand, the social current events are to be learned by the students on their own way as it is pictured as a common responsibility of humans as major parts of the society. According to those who takes side in this part of the issue, common education helps the students understand the lessons fully since they are asked to focus only on the most essential factors of education that they need to know which are believed to have a great impact upon their lives later on. (Mayor, 1992, 13) Furthermore, the arguments pertain to the fact that teachers who are commissioned to teach only based on common culture education have a greater capability of addressing to their subjects more closely because they are less pressured to see to it that the students are also able to grasp the other subjects that are added up in multicultural education. (Cortes, 1976, 45) The Nature of Multicultural Education Because of the globalization movement that is presently adapted to by different countries around the world, immigration has become a common trend especially among entrepreneurs and other workers who find better lives in living abroad. As a result, education too has taken a new face of development. Because of the said advancements, the situation within classrooms became a mixture of students from different races trying to cope up with the subjects that are taught to them in a different setting as compared to their original locality’s traditional practice of teaching and educating students. To support this particular fact, the following report pertains to the fact that immigration is a great cause of social divisibility: â€Å"Most new immigrants to the United States are coming from Spanish speaking Latin American nations and from Asia rather than from Europe. Between 1981 and 1990, 87% of the legal immigrants to the United States came from non-European nations while 10% came from Europe. Most Asian immigrants came from China, Korea, the Philippines, and India while Mexico and nations in the Caribbean were leading sources of immigrants from the Americas.† (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994). True, many students in the United States alone came from different races around the world. Hence, to be able to create a common ground among the students, the inculcation of social studies within the curriculum is then realized to be among the most effective practice of teaching culturally divided students. As a result, Baker’s study on the issue has the following findings: â€Å"Teachers currently find themselves adrift in a seemingly endless sea of school reform literature and policies. Moreover, the often acrimonious, and increasingly politicized public debates about educational issues (phonics versus whole language, immersion versus English as a second language, basic skills versus problem solving)†¦ these practitioners face additional challenges, including poverty, violence, overcrowding, and huge bureaucracies, which drain precious energy from the primary goal of opening students’ minds.† (Baker, 97, Internet) From the findings cited above, it could be noticed that one of the particular results of the said adaptation to multicultural-based learning is the stress that is placed upon the teachers and the students. In addition, the subjects are doubled and thus more works and research are supposed to be completed, especially focusing upon social events that are currently reported. Certainly, these situations within the classrooms makes it hard for the educators and the learners to grasp as much as their minds could with the bundle of responsibilities that are required to them for learning their multi-cultural based subjects. In a more concise discussion, it could be observed that multicultural education simply aims to attend to the needs of the students of the present generation. Since globalization caused immigrants to fly to different countries abroad, attending to their needs as students is also essential for social development. The Ethical Issues Although the created curriculum for international classes are designed to help the students understand humanity as a whole and not as an individual race, it could not be denied that these particular subjects raise the questions of discrimination between the students. Most often than not, its either superiority or inferiority that the students feel towards their own race when they are given the chance to join international classes. Actually, the creation of international learning classes aims to open up the minds of the students to the fact that they are of a great importance to a growing society of a developed human civilization. This is the reason why it is necessary to address ethics within the subjects that are taught in classrooms. This is because of the fact that the lessons may address several issues on the connection of culture towards the particular ethical practices of the society. The educators should carefully address this while assisting their students understands the lessons that they ought to grasp. To be able to avoid being subjected to particular issues of ethics and problems alike, it is suggested that the students are taught about cultural equality starting from their pre-school years. â€Å"Young children can develop stereotypic viewpoints of cultures different from their own when similarities among all individuals are not emphasized. Teachers can help eliminate stereotypes by presenting material and activities that enable children to learn the similarities of all individuals. Circle time is particularly helpful in this respect, as it provides children with a feeling of group identity and introduces them to the variety of cultures represented in the class (Dixon and Fraser, 1986). This suggestion would actually work if the students are made to realize that discrimination is a social sickness that keeps the human civilization form progressing to the best possibilities that they could be, making their differences work for the sake of social development. The Involvement of Technology Technology has a great role in providing students from different countries the education that they need to know through the utilization of the Internet. People from all over the world are able to access education within the convenience that they are satisfied with. A part of this particular educational innovation with the integration of teaching and technology, it has been possible for this particular educational set up to host cultural crossover among students. It is through this particular advancement that students are able to learn about their classmates’ cultural background in a broader view of their importance in the society. It is by this process that the students are given a chance to see others in a more balanced way. Conclusion Education is a provision given to everyone. Not a single person should be denied of this provision whatever race he may come from. People from over the world are making several progresses pertaining to becoming globally connected to each other. The cultural crossover as a result of the globalization movement should then be used for the betterment of the entire human society. Through education and accurate knowledge of others’ worth to the society, the social issues and the ethical questions that are raised because of the differences of the races from each other could be gradually eliminated. Yes, education itself is the key to a more peaceful, progressive society that has particularly burst-out from a multicultural society. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dixon, G.T. Fraser, S. (1986). â€Å"Teaching Preschoolers in a Multilingual Classroom.† CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, 62, 4, 272-275. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1994). Statistical Abstract of the United States (114th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Cortes, Metcalf and Hawke (1976). Understanding You and Them: Tips for Teaching About Ethnicity. Bolder Colorado: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies Education and Social Science Education Consortium. Gill, D., Mayor, B., Blair, M. (Eds.) (1992). Racism and Education: Structures and Strategies. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Hanvey, Robert G. (1978). An Attainable Global Perspective. Next Steps in Global Education: A Handbook For Curriculum Development, ed. William Kniep. New York: The American Forum. Internet Sources: Frederick J. Baker. (1999). Multicultural Versus Global Education: Why Not Two Sides of the Same Coin? http://www.csupomona.edu/~jis/1999/baker.pdf. (April 9, 2007). How to cite Multicultural Education versus the Common Culture, Essay examples

Gustatory Commensality and Disjuncture †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Gustatory Commensality and Disjuncture. Answer: Introduction: Differentiating people in the society as a matter of race, culture, and tribalism has brought about a big gap amongst people. However, people have enacted against these vices, which are being committed by organization management, prominent people or rather the strong in the society. This shows selfishness and lack of affection and love to others. First, a country where these vices are practiced lives in fear of attacks, joblessness, low economy, and death of the discriminated people. It therefore becomes difficult for the country to develop economically. Though some countries develop, they develop because these vices are not new to them they have seen them taking place since their tender age, and know ways of dealing with them. However, practicing self love is the failure to recognize and respect others. People should however love one another, since on love can stop race, cultures and tribalism. Race is the difference of origin and color (Wise, 2011). The minor difference has caused discomfort to people of different races. These people find it difficult to survive amongst the whites or the white Americans in this case. The people feel insecure since they are always being blamed of the various bad incidents taking place in the country. For example, theft, prostitution, drug trafficking and rape cases are the cases associated with the people of other races in the United States. In real life, nobody loves to be accused falsely. Everybody loves justice, peace and harmony, since a thief will also seek for justice. However, though these cases might be right, it does not mean that the punishment should exceed the usual one, which is authorized by the law. These people however stay in the jail for years, without being released. They suffer for no apparent reason, which is against human rights. The funny thing is that, these people treat their people the same way. White Americans are seen as just and upright people, who are not able to commit such crimes. This is because America is a country where the whites stay comfortable due to stabilized economy management. What the white Americans do to the people of different races, especially Africans is animosity. Only animals deserve such a treatment. This is because; human beings have a similar process of being brought to earth. Color or race is just a difference that was created on the way to the earth. Since it is not the fault of a human being to be born being an African, American or Indian, people should embrace one another and stop creating the difference (Feagin, 2013). This common mistake has brought about hatred lessons to generations after generations. They have the most difficult time to cope with the people of other races. They feel superior and more important compared to other people. This has led to the endless fights in the Arab emirate states, where Christians are being eliminated. These people have forgotten that religion is a choice made by an individual, and one cannot stay in one position when they have a chance to move on. One cannot therefore be forced to embrace a certain rel igion, when he or she does not feel like doing so this has therefore led to hypocrisy in the Arab emirate state, since most Africans who work in those areas are Christians. Education has however enlightened many people today. Generations have stated to drop hatred and discrimination against people. They have started to practice love, though white American children know the difference between themselves and the black Americans. They are taught the difference early in advance, as an important lesson. Though the lesson keeps on refreshing on meeting a black American, it does not mean that these children are willing to do what their parents taught them. Cass in the United States of America has now become neutral, since blacks are even having lawyers and judges, who are determining cases fairly (Mkono, 2011). Justice is being practiced in the United States; though not fully, but at least see light is being seeing lighting in the darkness. The black Americans are not being mistreated as bad as before. They are being respected to some extent, and others are getting better positions in prominent organizations. At least, everybody can say that the United States has changed. The blacks are having a law that is governing them in the United States, and everybody is happy with the change. Change towards the positive is a step forward. Hatred and discrimination cannot lead to development of a country or state (MacNaughton Davis, 2001). The issue of race, color, sex, and such vices has blinded the lives of many people, who could have been in better positions in life. Those who practice such vices lack the knowledge to understand that pulling together can lead to greatness, but pulling apart leads to defeat. They should have learnt from the world wars, where the black Americans showed great skills compared to the whites. The whites did not know whether blacks could be so strong and skilled, compared to the rest of the whites. They therefore could not believe in what they saw. However, the blacks did not treat their masters harshly. They received them and took care of them until they healed. That showed the concern which the blacks have towards the whites. They respected them, but received harsh treatment in return. They even had their own territories, separated by a wall , for security purposes management. The whites feared that the blacks would steal from them since they had everything they needed in life. Generally, creation differences, birth errors, deformities, and wealth cannot determine the destiny of a person. The world is so large that these minor differences cannot defend it from developing. People are different, and the rejected ones find favor in the eyes of others. The righteous will suffer, but will emerge victorious at the end. People should therefore love one another. The word love should not be covered up by ethnicity, color, race, gender or sex, or any other human difference which cannot benefit either the concerned or the victim. It is time to change, and let go the practices of the past. References Dervin, F. (2012). Cultural identity, representation and othering.The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication,2, 181-194. Feagin, J. (2013).Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. Routledge. Hage, G. (1997). At home in the entrails of the west: multiculturalism,ethnic food.And Migrant Home-building, in H. Grace, G. Hage, L. Johnson, M. Langsworth and M. Symonds, eds, Home/World: Space, Community and Marginality in Sydneys West, 99-153. Holliday, A. (2013).Understanding intercultural communication: Negotiating a grammar of culture. Routledge. Jackson, J. (2014).Introducing language and intercultural communication. Routledge. Jackson, J. (Ed.). (2012).The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication. Routledge. Jandt, F. E. (2012).An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Le Roux, A. (2013).Screening African Conflicts: the different faces of Africa's child soldiers-Afro-pessimistic/Afro-optimistic portrayals on screen(Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). MacNaughton, G., Davis, K. (2001). Beyond Othering: rethinking approaches to teaching young Anglo-Australian children about indigenous Australians.Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,2(1), 83-93. Mkono, M. (2011). The othering of food in touristic eatertainment: A netnography.Tourist Studies,11(3), 253-270. Schultz, K. J. (2011). Education or Exotification?: A Reexamination of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.The Journal of Undergraduate Research at Ohio State,2(1). The Problem of Othering: Towards Inclusiveness and Belonging - Othering and Belonging. (2017).Othering and Belonging. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.otheringandbelonging.org/the-problem-of-othering/ Van Dijk, T. A. (2015).Racism and the Press(Vol. 5). Routledge. Ware, V. (2015).Beyond the pale: White women, racism, and history. Verso Books. Wise, A. (2011). Moving food: gustatory commensality and disjuncture in everyday multiculturalism.New formations,74(74), 82-107.