The History of Bipolar Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1307 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Bipolar Disorder Essay Did you like this example? While Bipolar disorder most likely dates back as far as when our ancestors first came into existence, the earliest documentation we have on bipolar disorder goes back to 300- 400 BC the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had thanked melancholia for the gifts of artists, poets, and writers, the creative minds of his time. Whereas Greek physician Hippocrates believed that the state of depression (melancholy, melancholia) resulted from an excess of black bile in the body. The ancient physicians practiced medicine and diagnosis based on the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of humorism, that four bodily fluids ( blood, yellow bile, black bile, and green phlegm) affect human personality traits. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History of Bipolar Disorder" essay for you Create order Moods, emotions, and behaviors. (This appears to be the earliest documented discovery of bipolar disorder.) In ancient times, it was documented that bipolar sufferers were treated inhumanely and sometimes sent to their premature deaths due to extreme treatments/punishments.In the earliest days of documentation, these people were viewed as crazy, possessed by the devil or demons, Dr. Gardenswartz says. The people ought to know that the brain is the sole origin of pleasures and joys, laughter and jests, sadness and worry as well as dysphoria, and differentiate between feeling ashamed, good, bad, happy Through the brain we become insane, enraged, we develop anxiety and fears, which can come in the night or during the day, we suffer from sleeplessness, we make mistakes and have unfounded worries, we lose the ability to recognize reality, we become apathetic and we cannot participate in social life We suffer all those mentioned above through the brain when it is ill Hippocrates (460-337 BC) Centuries would come and no new research or advances on bipolar disorder or mental illness would be conducted. It wasnt until the 18th and 19th century when developments in science and medicine were fast underway. Studies conducted allowed researchers, physicians, and early psychiatrist the opportunity to truly learn and grow an understanding of the disorder. It is at this time in 1854 when two French Psychiatrists Jean-Pierre Falret and Jules Baillarger began their individual research on bipolar disorder. Both men presented their research and reports on the disorder to the Academy of Medicine in Paris. Baillarger called his diagnosis to the disorder dual-form insanity and Falret called the disorder circular insanity, this is believed to be the first recorded diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Falfret was the first to identify that bipolar disorder is genetically linked. In his research, he followed 6 individual with bipolar symptoms and their families. He found that other family members showed symptoms as well. In 1902 a German psychiatrist by the name of Emil Kraepelin, who is considered the founder of the field of pharmacopsychology what is known today as psychopharmacology. Kraepelin is best recognized for his work in classifying mental disorders and for bringing together and analyzing the influence of biology on mental disorders, including bipolar disorder. Up until this time, most psychiatrists classified the symptoms of bipolar illness as a diagnosis for schizophrenia. It was through Dr. Kraepelins studies and diagnosis that a new term for the disorder was established Manic-depressive Psychosis. along with Manic-depression the term Kraepelin used to describe mental illnesses centered in emotional or mood problems. By the 1950s, German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard and his colleagues developed the classification system that led to the term bipolar, differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression. According to Robert L. Spitzer, MD, professor of psychiatry at Columbia University. The term bipolar logically emphasizes the two poles, Specifically, it is known that people with unipolar depression experience drops in mood, and people with bipolar depression usually experience both depressed and elevated moods in a cyclical manner. By 1952 the DSM American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for classifying mental illnesses was available and was a big help in diagnosing many mental illnesses. The breakthroughs would come in the late 1970s and early 1980s when a lot more funding became available for research and studies into behavioral health. It was during this time in 1980 when Dr. Spitzer and his team wrote the third version and a major revision to the DSM. The 3rd version is considered a bible and a scientific instrument of enormous power by specialists and others in the professions, having done away with a one-size-fits-all classification system. Since then a fourth revision has been published in 2000 and a fifth in 2013. Along with the DSM, another relevant major system of classification is the International Classification of Diseases (10th revision, ICD-10, and the revised 11th revision, ICD-11) published by the World Health Organization. Both manuals ha ve deliberately merged their diagnoses to some extent, but there are some differences. An example is that ICD-10 does not include narcissistic personality disorder as a distinct category, while DSM-5 does not include enduring personality change after a tragic or stressful experience or after a psychiatric illness. While times have changed as did the names of mental disorders. so did the range of medical treatments for those with bipolar disorder. A new revision to the DSM is in the talks as of 2014 the revision would include removing a current concept of childhood bipolar disorder to the bipolar field and create a new disorder category called: Temper Dysregulation Disorder with Dysphoria (TDD). During the 1940s strong sedatives and barbiturates were prescribed especially to the grief-struck war veterans coming back from the war. prior to the 1950s and into the late 1950s; patients who showed signs of mental illness, delay or bipolar disorder were also institutionalized to separate them from others. Hot baths were used in the ancient times and continued to be used through the ages, presumed to calm the person down. Bleeding a patient was also a treatment used, thought to help cleanse the body of toxins and useful for balancing the patients system with the hopes the patient mind find mental relief. Electroconvulsive shock therapy and prefrontal lobotomies emerged as two more radical treatment options until new methods evolved and were accepted. Psychotropic medicine was developed and in its early stages, it was prescribed to young children as old 2 years old who seemed to fit a mood disorder like bipolar disorder. Dangerous consequences permanent irreversible damage and deat h came along with these treatments and were found to be inhumane and have since been banned for medical practice. Since the discovery and arrival lithium, the choices in medications (including antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants) combined with supportive, cognitive behavioral and insight-oriented counseling and care, have provided new tools to confront and manage bipolar disorder. We have come along way and Our understanding of bipolar disorder has certainly evolved since ancient times. Great advances in education and treatment have been and are being made in just the past century alone. In the next several decades, Drs believe we will see an increased differentiation of symptoms and of treatments, and possibly, the ability to prevent and detect the onset of the disorder. Still, theres a lot of work to be done because many people today arent getting the treatment they need to lead better quality lives. Thankfully, continuous research is ongoing to help us better un derstand even more about this confusing chronic condition. The more we learn about bipolar disorder, the more people may be able to receive the care they need. Research: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml From Mania to Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderClinical and Neurobiological Foundations https://davidhealy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2010-Healy-Mania-ch1.pdf A Short History of Bipolar DisorderPsychology Today https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201206/short-history-bipolar-disorder Demily C, Jacquet P, Marie-Cardine M. How to differentiate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder using cognitive assessment? Encephale. 2009;35:139â€Å"45. Vitiello B. Psychopharmacology for young children: clinical needs and research opportunities. Pediatrics. 2001;108(4):983â€Å"89. [PubMed] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Personality Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). pp. 645â€Å"84. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. PMC 4471981.

School Systems Should Provide Foreign Language Classes

Hello. ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€šBonjour. Gutentag. All of these words are communicate the same greeting. However, I bet that if most students were to elaborate on each language they wouldn’t get much farther these generic greetings. While we are introduced to the various worlds of languages from an early age, there is a lack of consistent and in depth education. From a young age, I had a desire to learn any language other than English. I took two years of Spanish in middle school and then took three years of Chinese in high school. However, it wasn’t until college where I decided to minor in Chinese that I truly began to grasp and appreciate the language. And only now in my sixth year of learning Chinese are the concepts starting to come together.†¦show more content†¦As they begin to feel comfortable, they start repeating after words they hear usually beginning with â€Å"mommy†, â€Å"daddy† and â€Å"no†. While this initial speaking usually h appens around thirteen to fourteen months, a baby can begin learning their language skills before they are born. This concept is explained in the article â€Å"The Power of the Bilingual Brain†, â€Å"The human auditory system is functional from the third trimester on, and the loudest thing an in utero baby hears is its mother s voice, speaking whatever language or languages she knows. Those sounds, with their characteristic rhythms and phonemes, are poured straight into the baby s brain and become comfortingly familiar† (Klugger). We begin developing our languages before we are even aware we have a voice. (Echoing salience) Starting the language skills at an early age is crucial and while not all have the chance to begin hearing multiple languages before birth, introducing your child to a foreign language soon after is key. At Spring Lane Elementary School in Utah the children take half of their classes in English and the other half of their classes in Chinese. Their teacher, April Ridge, studied Chinese in preparation for a two year missions trip remarks on their success, They made steady progress through the year, Ridge says. We started school in August when they could speak only English. They were able to follow directions in Mandarin by January. After that came speaking, then reading, then

Multicultural Education versus the Common Culture Free Essays

Modernized education particularly makes it possible for every individual to develop as a fine individual that he ought to be. As a primary part of the society, each individual is entitled to an education that is made to give him the needed knowledge that he ought to receive for him to have a better outlook on life.   Certainly, education’s main aim is to create a possibility for each individual to develop as a fine member of the human society. We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Education versus the Common Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The common set-up of education has been originated from the local-based teaching and learning process. The students are taught by their teachers in a classroom with which the students belong to one race and are mostly having the same situation in an economic perspective. However, the common culture in providing education to the younger generation of each civilization already changed with the introduction of the new technologies and the modern system of economy as suggested by the global trade. Through the aims of economists to create a global market of people who are interconnected for the sake of the advancement of global economy, the introduction of modern technological communication devices were also made possible. The creation of network connections through the utilization of Internet has been a primary result of the said globalization movement. On the other face of the situation, it could be observed that another result of the said movement towards economic liberalization is that there are numerous immigrants who opt to transfer places or even countries to be able to cope up with the major changes in the society especially with regards the economic progress. As a result, several classrooms around the world are subjected to assisting students from different cultures, different races that are also having their own individual capabilities as per based form the race that they primarily belong to. Aside form this, the primary subjects that used to be the only topics that are discussed within the four walls of the classroom increased and were added up with particular social issues that mainly concerns the multi-racial classes that they handle. For this reason, this paper shall discuss the ethical issues, the educational problems and the teaching adjustments that are taken by educators in presenting their lessons to their classes. By doing so, the author of this paper then aims to particularly address the issues brought about by modernization towards the common culture that used to be the basis of knowledge enhancement during the past decades of human society. The importance of education in the human society has mainly made it a reason of debate among education enthusiasts and experts who are concerned on which type of education is actually more efficient for the society; common culture education or the multicultural education, which is currently a trend in the field of education. To know both sides of the argument, knowing what the both ids of the debate pertain to, would help much in the clearing of the issue. What is the Common Culture all about? Mostly, traditional educational institutions plainly deal with the outlined lessons that are supposed to be taught to the students. This includes subjects such as Mathematics, Language, Science, Crafts or Home Economics and History. These particular subjects are taught to a group of students who are coming from the same race and are having a common ground. Hence, the focus of the education is more on providing the students with the necessary knowledge that they need to incur for better individual developments rather than focusing on the social involvement of the young learners. It is by the outlined pattern of teaching common education that only the essential factors of life are taught to the students within the classrooms. While on the other hand, the social current events are to be learned by the students on their own way as it is pictured as a common responsibility of humans as major parts of the society. According to those who takes side in this part of the issue, common education helps the students understand the lessons fully since they are asked to focus only on the most essential factors of education that they need to know which are believed to have a great impact upon their lives later on. (Mayor, 1992, 13) Furthermore, the arguments pertain to the fact that teachers who are commissioned to teach only based on common culture education have a greater capability of addressing to their subjects more closely because they are less pressured to see to it that the students are also able to grasp the other subjects that are added up in multicultural education. (Cortes, 1976, 45) The Nature of Multicultural Education Because of the globalization movement that is presently adapted to by different countries around the world, immigration has become a common trend especially among entrepreneurs and other workers who find better lives in living abroad. As a result, education too has taken a new face of development. Because of the said advancements, the situation within classrooms became a mixture of students from different races trying to cope up with the subjects that are taught to them in a different setting as compared to their original locality’s traditional practice of teaching and educating students. To support this particular fact, the following report pertains to the fact that immigration is a great cause of social divisibility: â€Å"Most new immigrants to the United States are coming from Spanish speaking Latin American nations and from Asia rather than from Europe. Between 1981 and 1990, 87% of the legal immigrants to the United States came from non-European nations while 10% came from Europe. Most Asian immigrants came from China, Korea, the Philippines, and India while Mexico and nations in the Caribbean were leading sources of immigrants from the Americas.† (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994). True, many students in the United States alone came from different races around the world. Hence, to be able to create a common ground among the students, the inculcation of social studies within the curriculum is then realized to be among the most effective practice of teaching culturally divided students. As a result, Baker’s study on the issue has the following findings: â€Å"Teachers currently find themselves adrift in a seemingly endless sea of school reform literature and policies. Moreover, the often acrimonious, and increasingly politicized public debates about educational issues (phonics versus whole language, immersion versus English as a second language, basic skills versus problem solving)†¦ these practitioners face additional challenges, including poverty, violence, overcrowding, and huge bureaucracies, which drain precious energy from the primary goal of opening students’ minds.† (Baker, 97, Internet) From the findings cited above, it could be noticed that one of the particular results of the said adaptation to multicultural-based learning is the stress that is placed upon the teachers and the students. In addition, the subjects are doubled and thus more works and research are supposed to be completed, especially focusing upon social events that are currently reported. Certainly, these situations within the classrooms makes it hard for the educators and the learners to grasp as much as their minds could with the bundle of responsibilities that are required to them for learning their multi-cultural based subjects. In a more concise discussion, it could be observed that multicultural education simply aims to attend to the needs of the students of the present generation. Since globalization caused immigrants to fly to different countries abroad, attending to their needs as students is also essential for social development. The Ethical Issues Although the created curriculum for international classes are designed to help the students understand humanity as a whole and not as an individual race, it could not be denied that these particular subjects raise the questions of discrimination between the students. Most often than not, its either superiority or inferiority that the students feel towards their own race when they are given the chance to join international classes. Actually, the creation of international learning classes aims to open up the minds of the students to the fact that they are of a great importance to a growing society of a developed human civilization. This is the reason why it is necessary to address ethics within the subjects that are taught in classrooms. This is because of the fact that the lessons may address several issues on the connection of culture towards the particular ethical practices of the society. The educators should carefully address this while assisting their students understands the lessons that they ought to grasp. To be able to avoid being subjected to particular issues of ethics and problems alike, it is suggested that the students are taught about cultural equality starting from their pre-school years. â€Å"Young children can develop stereotypic viewpoints of cultures different from their own when similarities among all individuals are not emphasized. Teachers can help eliminate stereotypes by presenting material and activities that enable children to learn the similarities of all individuals. Circle time is particularly helpful in this respect, as it provides children with a feeling of group identity and introduces them to the variety of cultures represented in the class (Dixon and Fraser, 1986). This suggestion would actually work if the students are made to realize that discrimination is a social sickness that keeps the human civilization form progressing to the best possibilities that they could be, making their differences work for the sake of social development. The Involvement of Technology Technology has a great role in providing students from different countries the education that they need to know through the utilization of the Internet. People from all over the world are able to access education within the convenience that they are satisfied with. A part of this particular educational innovation with the integration of teaching and technology, it has been possible for this particular educational set up to host cultural crossover among students. It is through this particular advancement that students are able to learn about their classmates’ cultural background in a broader view of their importance in the society. It is by this process that the students are given a chance to see others in a more balanced way. Conclusion Education is a provision given to everyone. Not a single person should be denied of this provision whatever race he may come from. People from over the world are making several progresses pertaining to becoming globally connected to each other. The cultural crossover as a result of the globalization movement should then be used for the betterment of the entire human society. Through education and accurate knowledge of others’ worth to the society, the social issues and the ethical questions that are raised because of the differences of the races from each other could be gradually eliminated. Yes, education itself is the key to a more peaceful, progressive society that has particularly burst-out from a multicultural society. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dixon, G.T. Fraser, S. (1986). â€Å"Teaching Preschoolers in a Multilingual Classroom.† CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, 62, 4, 272-275. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1994). Statistical Abstract of the United States (114th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Cortes, Metcalf and Hawke (1976). Understanding You and Them: Tips for Teaching About Ethnicity. Bolder Colorado: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies Education and Social Science Education Consortium. Gill, D., Mayor, B., Blair, M. (Eds.) (1992). Racism and Education: Structures and Strategies. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Hanvey, Robert G. (1978). An Attainable Global Perspective. Next Steps in Global Education: A Handbook For Curriculum Development, ed. William Kniep. New York: The American Forum. Internet Sources: Frederick J. Baker. (1999). Multicultural Versus Global Education: Why Not Two Sides of the Same Coin? http://www.csupomona.edu/~jis/1999/baker.pdf. (April 9, 2007). How to cite Multicultural Education versus the Common Culture, Essay examples

Gustatory Commensality and Disjuncture †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Gustatory Commensality and Disjuncture. Answer: Introduction: Differentiating people in the society as a matter of race, culture, and tribalism has brought about a big gap amongst people. However, people have enacted against these vices, which are being committed by organization management, prominent people or rather the strong in the society. This shows selfishness and lack of affection and love to others. First, a country where these vices are practiced lives in fear of attacks, joblessness, low economy, and death of the discriminated people. It therefore becomes difficult for the country to develop economically. Though some countries develop, they develop because these vices are not new to them they have seen them taking place since their tender age, and know ways of dealing with them. However, practicing self love is the failure to recognize and respect others. People should however love one another, since on love can stop race, cultures and tribalism. Race is the difference of origin and color (Wise, 2011). The minor difference has caused discomfort to people of different races. These people find it difficult to survive amongst the whites or the white Americans in this case. The people feel insecure since they are always being blamed of the various bad incidents taking place in the country. For example, theft, prostitution, drug trafficking and rape cases are the cases associated with the people of other races in the United States. In real life, nobody loves to be accused falsely. Everybody loves justice, peace and harmony, since a thief will also seek for justice. However, though these cases might be right, it does not mean that the punishment should exceed the usual one, which is authorized by the law. These people however stay in the jail for years, without being released. They suffer for no apparent reason, which is against human rights. The funny thing is that, these people treat their people the same way. White Americans are seen as just and upright people, who are not able to commit such crimes. This is because America is a country where the whites stay comfortable due to stabilized economy management. What the white Americans do to the people of different races, especially Africans is animosity. Only animals deserve such a treatment. This is because; human beings have a similar process of being brought to earth. Color or race is just a difference that was created on the way to the earth. Since it is not the fault of a human being to be born being an African, American or Indian, people should embrace one another and stop creating the difference (Feagin, 2013). This common mistake has brought about hatred lessons to generations after generations. They have the most difficult time to cope with the people of other races. They feel superior and more important compared to other people. This has led to the endless fights in the Arab emirate states, where Christians are being eliminated. These people have forgotten that religion is a choice made by an individual, and one cannot stay in one position when they have a chance to move on. One cannot therefore be forced to embrace a certain rel igion, when he or she does not feel like doing so this has therefore led to hypocrisy in the Arab emirate state, since most Africans who work in those areas are Christians. Education has however enlightened many people today. Generations have stated to drop hatred and discrimination against people. They have started to practice love, though white American children know the difference between themselves and the black Americans. They are taught the difference early in advance, as an important lesson. Though the lesson keeps on refreshing on meeting a black American, it does not mean that these children are willing to do what their parents taught them. Cass in the United States of America has now become neutral, since blacks are even having lawyers and judges, who are determining cases fairly (Mkono, 2011). Justice is being practiced in the United States; though not fully, but at least see light is being seeing lighting in the darkness. The black Americans are not being mistreated as bad as before. They are being respected to some extent, and others are getting better positions in prominent organizations. At least, everybody can say that the United States has changed. The blacks are having a law that is governing them in the United States, and everybody is happy with the change. Change towards the positive is a step forward. Hatred and discrimination cannot lead to development of a country or state (MacNaughton Davis, 2001). The issue of race, color, sex, and such vices has blinded the lives of many people, who could have been in better positions in life. Those who practice such vices lack the knowledge to understand that pulling together can lead to greatness, but pulling apart leads to defeat. They should have learnt from the world wars, where the black Americans showed great skills compared to the whites. The whites did not know whether blacks could be so strong and skilled, compared to the rest of the whites. They therefore could not believe in what they saw. However, the blacks did not treat their masters harshly. They received them and took care of them until they healed. That showed the concern which the blacks have towards the whites. They respected them, but received harsh treatment in return. They even had their own territories, separated by a wall , for security purposes management. The whites feared that the blacks would steal from them since they had everything they needed in life. Generally, creation differences, birth errors, deformities, and wealth cannot determine the destiny of a person. The world is so large that these minor differences cannot defend it from developing. People are different, and the rejected ones find favor in the eyes of others. The righteous will suffer, but will emerge victorious at the end. People should therefore love one another. The word love should not be covered up by ethnicity, color, race, gender or sex, or any other human difference which cannot benefit either the concerned or the victim. It is time to change, and let go the practices of the past. References Dervin, F. (2012). Cultural identity, representation and othering.The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication,2, 181-194. Feagin, J. (2013).Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. Routledge. Hage, G. (1997). At home in the entrails of the west: multiculturalism,ethnic food.And Migrant Home-building, in H. Grace, G. Hage, L. Johnson, M. Langsworth and M. Symonds, eds, Home/World: Space, Community and Marginality in Sydneys West, 99-153. Holliday, A. (2013).Understanding intercultural communication: Negotiating a grammar of culture. Routledge. Jackson, J. (2014).Introducing language and intercultural communication. Routledge. Jackson, J. (Ed.). (2012).The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication. Routledge. Jandt, F. E. (2012).An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Le Roux, A. (2013).Screening African Conflicts: the different faces of Africa's child soldiers-Afro-pessimistic/Afro-optimistic portrayals on screen(Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). MacNaughton, G., Davis, K. (2001). Beyond Othering: rethinking approaches to teaching young Anglo-Australian children about indigenous Australians.Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,2(1), 83-93. Mkono, M. (2011). The othering of food in touristic eatertainment: A netnography.Tourist Studies,11(3), 253-270. Schultz, K. J. (2011). Education or Exotification?: A Reexamination of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.The Journal of Undergraduate Research at Ohio State,2(1). The Problem of Othering: Towards Inclusiveness and Belonging - Othering and Belonging. (2017).Othering and Belonging. Retrieved 5 September 2017, from https://www.otheringandbelonging.org/the-problem-of-othering/ Van Dijk, T. A. (2015).Racism and the Press(Vol. 5). Routledge. Ware, V. (2015).Beyond the pale: White women, racism, and history. Verso Books. Wise, A. (2011). Moving food: gustatory commensality and disjuncture in everyday multiculturalism.New formations,74(74), 82-107.

The Eyes Of The Dragon (1228 words) Essay Example For Students

The Eyes Of The Dragon (1228 words) Essay The Eyes of the DragonAnnonymousAlthough it may seem quite absurd, the role of animalsin The Eyes of the Dragon is a very supreme anddignified part of the novel. Through the developmentof the novel, the animal kingdom roars novel from insects to dogs and theyall play their own, individual roles. The great black and white Anduan Huskynamed Frisky who is, out of all of her dogs, Naomi’s favorite, leads BenStaad and Naomi directly to the whereabouts of Dennis, Peter’s butler. Flagg’s animals are symbols of his plans for the downfall of Delain. Thedragon that is killed by King Roland may be considered the most the memorableof all. In this archetypal tale, Thomas sees Flagg murder Thomas’s fatherthrough the eyes of the dragon. In the end of the novel, though, all of theanimals’ roles fall into place. Frisky, Naomi’s companion, is a strong-willed, over-confident, Anduan Husky who may have been the â€Å"greatesttracking dog that ever lived.† This dog sums up themeaning of a man’s best friend. Frisky, who can track athree-day-old scent in the middle winter, is the reasonthe story takes place as it does. Just as arson dogshelp pinpoint the location of substances used to startfires, Frisky uses her keen sense of smell to pinpointexactly where Dennis, son of Brandon, has journeyed tofrom Peyna’s farmhouse. Dennis’s mission is to go backto the castle where Thomas the Tax-Bringer and Flagg,the king’s magician, live and are at high power. Peyna,who has just given up his Judge-General’s bench, has afeeling that there is some reason why Peter has askedfor the Royal Napkins and his mother’s dollhouse. Dennisis to find this reason by sending a letter to Peter,who is imprisoned at the time. Dennis journeys fromPeyna’s farm in the Inner Baronies back to the fearfulcastle with nothing except for the risks of gettingkilled. Five days later, with not a soul knowing thewhereabouts of Dennis, Naomi and Ben Staad (Peter’sbest friend) come upon the deserted farm. Naomi’s dogshave been pulling the sleds for thirty miles all theway from a snowy hollow in which they were camping. We will write a custom essay on The Eyes Of The Dragon (1228 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The two now feel helpless. With no clue on where therefriend had traveled to, they search diligently for anysigns of what they are to do next and find nothing atall. â€Å"If only there were a way to track him,† Ben saysand, thereafter, a light bulb lights in Naomi’s headlike the sun on a due-soaked morning (King 296). Thisis the epitome of where Frisky fits into the picture. After brief discussion and argument, Ben and Naomidiscover that there are traces of Dennis in thisabandoned shed but it cannot be detected by humans andFrisky’s sense of smell is like the â€Å"eyesight of a manwith the gaze of a hawk† (King 299). Stephen Kingsubstantially points out that Dennis’s scent is abright electric blue and that Frisky has the scentstored away in her â€Å"library of scents† (King 299). Frisky leads her companions far and high, throughmany miles of snow to the deserted farmhouse andeventually to a place in which they are forced to pause. astle moat. One may appear dumbfounded considering whyFrisky is referred to above as being ‘over-confident.’At the moat, after some minor conflict, the Anduan Husky personallyexpedites the situation and takes a leap of faith into the great sewerpipe which takes the travelers under the castle and directly to Dennis’slocation. Besides the fact that Frisky’s â€Å"noble nose† is a main theme andcould be considered by some a moral, there is more educational andentertainment values here than in any other part of the story. .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .postImageUrl , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:hover , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:visited , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:active { border:0!important; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:active , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Russian Revolutions of 1917 EssayFlagg’s animals aide him in all of his attempts to doom the kingdom ofDelain. For example, the deathwatch spider that Flagg kept encaged fortwenty years is his way to attempt to kill Sasha, the King’s beloved wife. The spider has been feeding on newborn baby mice that are dying from poison. The spider is blood red and as big as a rat (King 31). Flagg squeezes thespider to death and mixes the deadly insides with a glass of brandy,something that Sasha drinks a glass of each night to help her sleep. Flaggrings for a servant to come and take the glass to her. Sasha never finds outhow close to death she came that night (King 33). Another example is themouse Flagg uses to set up Peter. Flagg is a very powerful magician. Withthis knowledge, no one would question Flagg’s abilities to place Dragon Sand,the most deadly substance of the time, into a box that he stole from Peterlong ago and hide the box, along with a cursed mouse, into a secret placethat, allegedly, only Peter knows about. Because the evidence of the crime isfound in a place that only Peterknows about, people begin to see a murderer’s facebehind a mask of affection and respect (King 116). Peteris then tried before a jury and taken to the top of theneedle where he is to spend the rest of his life. The reader is introduced to the dragon at the beginningof the novel when King Roland and others are hunting andire-breathing creature. The young dragon is killed whenthe brave King nocks his arrow, draws, and fires. Roland makes a direct hit in the spot under the dragon’sthroat where it takes in air to create fire (King 13). The dragon dies immediately. Otherwise called the Niner,the dragon’s head is hung up in King Roland’s sittingroom along with the head of every other animal in whichthe King had considered worth keeping (King 92). Thedragon’s head is a major secret of the castle. Flagg,being the magician he is, knows most secrets of thecastle (No one, not even he, know all of them) (King 81). Flagg, after Thomas has a bad day at a luncheon withhis father, shows the secrets to Thomas, for he has afeeling it may lead to mischief. This turns out to betrue. The secret is this: After one is led through amaze of corridors and through the â€Å"dim† door, he mustpress a certain stone in order to access the passagewaythat is revealed after the click is heard (King 89). Atthe end of the passageway, there are two little panels. After sliding these panels, one find himself behind theNiner and will discover that he can see directlythrough the dragon’s eyes. Though heeding Flagg’s advicenot to go too often, Thomas is watching the night inwhich Flagg poisons King Roland. But after Thomas isdeclared King, and years of dealing with terriblenightmares, Thomas discovers one thing: guilt andsecrets, like murdered bones, never rest easy (King 167). Stated in this collection of ideas is that the role ofthe animals in The Eyes of the Dragon is a supreme anddignified part of the novel. The reader must reread thenovel for any further confirmation. In conclusion, onecan now acknowledge that animals’ effect on howsomething takes place is important to everyday livingas well as important to the world of literature. Written by Michael Peebles in Hoover,ALcontact at:

Free Essays on The Battle Of The Atlantic

The Battle of the Atlantic In the fall of 1931, the Atlantic Ocean was the boiling point of a criminal battle between the British and Germans. Most people think that the Battle of the Atlantic may have decided World War II’s outcome. This battle was the dominating factor throughout the war. The Battle of the Atlantic was a violent and destructive battle. Many people lost their lives fighting in this battle. New technology was one of the major factors in the Allies winning the long and crucial Battle of the Atlantic. Just the Beginning Immediately, the Battle of the Atlantic began when â€Å"the British announced a naval blockage of Germany† on September 3, 1939(â€Å"World War II† 391). Eight days later the Germans ordered a â€Å"counter-blockage† of the Allies(â€Å"World War II† 391). The Germans hoped to stop the shipments of war supplies and food to the countries of France and Britain. After only four months into the war, German U-boats, mines, airplanes, and surface raiders had destroyed more than 215 merchant ships and two of Britain’s largest warships. Over 1,500 people had been killed in this short time. â€Å"It was clear that despite the lull on land, a long war lay ahead on the world’s water† (Pitt 8). U-Boats Indeed, Hitler’s plan to defeat the Allies with U-boats was looking very good. For some unknown reason the Allied ships could not defend against the U-boats. With Hitler in control it looked like the Axis powers were going to drive the Allies out of the Atlantic and win the Battle of the Atlantic. With Hitler taking over most of England, and Great Britain trying to hold the Germans off, the United States decides to send war aid to Britain. The United States gave the British fifty old American destroyers (Von Der Porten 171). The Happy Time More important, the Allies needed to come up with an effective strategy. Organizing their cargo ships into convoys, or groups for mutual protection was th... Free Essays on The Battle Of The Atlantic Free Essays on The Battle Of The Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic In the fall of 1931, the Atlantic Ocean was the boiling point of a criminal battle between the British and Germans. Most people think that the Battle of the Atlantic may have decided World War II’s outcome. This battle was the dominating factor throughout the war. The Battle of the Atlantic was a violent and destructive battle. Many people lost their lives fighting in this battle. New technology was one of the major factors in the Allies winning the long and crucial Battle of the Atlantic. Just the Beginning Immediately, the Battle of the Atlantic began when â€Å"the British announced a naval blockage of Germany† on September 3, 1939(â€Å"World War II† 391). Eight days later the Germans ordered a â€Å"counter-blockage† of the Allies(â€Å"World War II† 391). The Germans hoped to stop the shipments of war supplies and food to the countries of France and Britain. After only four months into the war, German U-boats, mines, airplanes, and surface raiders had destroyed more than 215 merchant ships and two of Britain’s largest warships. Over 1,500 people had been killed in this short time. â€Å"It was clear that despite the lull on land, a long war lay ahead on the world’s water† (Pitt 8). U-Boats Indeed, Hitler’s plan to defeat the Allies with U-boats was looking very good. For some unknown reason the Allied ships could not defend against the U-boats. With Hitler in control it looked like the Axis powers were going to drive the Allies out of the Atlantic and win the Battle of the Atlantic. With Hitler taking over most of England, and Great Britain trying to hold the Germans off, the United States decides to send war aid to Britain. The United States gave the British fifty old American destroyers (Von Der Porten 171). The Happy Time More important, the Allies needed to come up with an effective strategy. Organizing their cargo ships into convoys, or groups for mutual protection was th...

Bear Grylls Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bear Grylls Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Next this paper will postulate as to the marketing strategy employed by the man in order to achieve this level of success followed by a critical discussion of how this marketing strategy might serve him in the near to late future. Lastly this paper will conclude with some remarks regarding how the strategies employed by Bear Grylls bight apply to some other individuals trying to achieve the same level of fame as this enterprising young entrepreneur. According to Martin (2004) in an interview with Grylls he indicated that although it is the case that Grylls was born in Northern Ireland when he was four years old the family moved to the Isle of Wight and his father was conservative party politician Sir Michael Grylls. Grylls was born Edward Michael Grylls but was given the nickname ‘Bear’ by his sister whilst he was sill a young man. According to City Speakers International (2010) it is the case that Grylls was educated at a number of different places such as Eton College and the University of London, however upon graduation Grylls spent several months hiking around the Himalayan Mountans. It was during this time that he decided to join the Special Air Service and during a parachuting accident in Kenya he managed to crush three vertebrae which nearly cost him his life and could have left him paralyzed. It was during his lon rehabilitation that Grylls ended up being discharged and redirected all of his efforts at achieving a childhood goal of climbing Mount Everest. According to City Speakers International (2010) on May 26th, 1998 Bear became the youngest of all British climbers to successfully ascend to the summit of Mount Everest and return alive. It has been estimated that one out of every six mountaineers who attempt to climb to the top will die in the process. It was upon this foundation of excitement and lust for adventure that Grylls began a number of other major extreme endeavors. According to Blundell (2003) Bear circumnavigated

How is the AIS (automatic identification system) effective in Kuwait Thesis

How is the AIS (automatic identification system) effective in Kuwait coast guard operation - Thesis Example These systems, particularly the AIS Class A, have provided a wide range of benefits such as effective vessel identification and the provision of accurate information to national security forces and the Vessel Traffic Management Systems, or VTMS. Moreover, the application of ship-to-ship AIS has become an increasingly valuable option for mariners to be used as an efficient instrument that will improve situational awareness (Norris 2006). Regulations to utilise AIS in all vessels fall under the international standards of improving the safety and security among maritime transporters through the provision of information regarding locations and vessel identities. Aside from national security, the AIS can also make its contribution to environmental protections and procedures that require the rescue of vessels vulnerable to threats or attacks (Norris 2006). 1.2 The Role of Kuwaiti Coast Guard Kuwait remains to be a small country that holds a strategic position, increasing its vulnerability. It is surrounded by Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia and is easily within a short distance of missile range from its three major neighbors (CS 2010). Due to Kuwait’s considerable wealth and large oil reserves as well as a lack of safe and secured routes for oil exports, it has become a target for the surrounding countries. Maritime boundaries with Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq have been an important concern for Kuwait, with the country encountering numerous maritime attacks over the years, particularly from Iran and Iraq (Knights 2005). Despite perceiving the hostility of Iraq and other neighboring countries, in 2008, the Kuwait’s naval forces signed the Khawr Abd Allah Protocols, or the KAA Protocols, which referred to a maritime bilateral military agreement for the coordinated use of the KAA waterway and acquire security and stability. Although Kuwait has established defense agreements with United Nations Security Council members and has utilised procurement programmes i n reinforcing these associations, the security of Kuwait has highly relied upon the US and has received from $3 million annually as financial assistance to combat terrorist attacks and meet other security objectives, with the Navy and its coast guards as part of such sanctions. This has allowed units to develop technologies through research and development programmes such as the detection and identification of incoming maritime irregularities (CS 2010). The Kuwaiti Navy includes an estimate of 2,700 personnel including 500 coast guards with its limited naval forces focusing on the protection of their coastline, support of customs, and implementation of missions against infiltration. The Kuwaiti Navy had been established immediately after Kuwait became fully independent from Britain (CSIS 2006). During the Persian Gulf War, the country’s military defenses were highly dependent on foreign contractors to provide their training, logistics, maintenance, and actual operations; cons equently, the readiness of the Navy and the rest of Kuwait’s defenses were at a poor level. At present, their equipment includes fast attack crafts, support ships, special operations patrol boats, interceptor crafts, diving support vessels, hydrographic support vessels and harbor tugs (CIA 2006). Tracking methods have also been emphasized to provide geographical information along

Ethical Problem Of Parental Nudity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Problem Of Parental Nudity - Essay Example This behavior is now so engraved in the societal structure of the Western world that people do not even begin to think that any negative consequences can be produced by roaming around naked in front of the children. In such a situation where not much hatred can be found against parental nudity, how can an innocent child question his/her parents about excessive nudity while being told all the time by them that this is nothing but human-friendly behavior and in fact portrays the broad-minded approach humans have developed over time about their bodies.It remains a deplorable fact that the Western world has almost completely developed immunity for parental nudity though still some loopholes are left and because of which ethical counselors and psychologists continue doing research about how this behavior can affect the children, in what way, and to what extent? Scholars and people arguing against the parental approach of walking all around the house barely covered and feeling absolutely u nashamed and unregretful claim that it is an unequivocal fact that nudity serves as a skilled driver of libido. It may also be one of the reasons why earlier than the necessary onset of puberty in the Western world is steadily increasing over time. Sexual simulations are certainly one of the worst consequences of parental nudity and even more sad is the reality that parents determined on nudity are least considerate about this tragic effect produced on children who are way immature and raw to understand anything related to sex.

Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers

Analysing Health Status Of Gypsy Travellers Traveller gypsies have resided in the British Isles for over 500 years, making them one of the largest ethnic minorities. They experience widespread prejudice and discrimination from the settled population. Health care for traveller gypsies has resulted in poor access to services and relative neglect of their health needs. This essay will focus on inequalities in health experienced by gypsy and traveller communities also discuss why they occur and will critically discuss the various national and local initiatives that have helped to improve the health of gypsies and travellers. The travelling lifestyle itself is not necessarily a cause for the disparity in health status; on the contrary, many Travellers and those working with them see the reduced opportunity to live their traditional lifestyle as a major cause of increased physical and mental ill health. travel experience frequent fear and the reality of constant evictions and alienation of local people. In decades gone by Travellers were often welcomed for the trades and services that they provided to the local community, such as fruit picking, scrap metal dealing, etc. They had their traditional stopping places; most of which have now disappeared, along with some of the opportunities for casual work. Poverty has sometimes been cited as the main cause of poor health in this group. Economic hardship. Lack of education is another factor that can adversely influence health. Low literacy attainment is still a major problem for most adult Travellers, mainly because so few attended school on a regular basis, if at all. The 1996 Ofsted report stated that of an estimated 50à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °000 Traveller children aged 0-16 years as many as 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °000 secondary school aged children were not registered at all, and attendance by the remainder was considerably below the acceptable standard for settled children.16There are many reasons, apart from the obvious one of mobility, for the reluctance of Travellers to send their children to school, especially after they have passed primary school age. Some of the reasons are cultural, such as the tradition that from the age of about 12 the children need a family education to understand and take on roles and responsibilities within the family. Formal education still has little relevance to a culture that has always relied on practical skills and self employment. Often there is a fear about assimilation; that the children will not only be educated out of their culture but also that they may pick up different and unacceptable moral values. Parents are also often anxious about bullying and prejudice. Attendance is also affected by the need to participate in all the many cultural and religious events. No community is immune from child abuse and it must be acknowledged that abuse could more easily go undetected in the Traveller community. Traveller culture deems that they sort out problems without help or perceived interference from outside. There is historical distrust of social workers because many Gypsies and Travellers throughout Europe have lost children into care, usually because of lack of support for their lifestyle, rather than as a result of evidence of child abuse. However, Travellers view child abuse as totally abhorrent and most would claim that it does not exist within their culture. Most professionals working with Travellers would agree with Cemlyn17 that there appears to be less evidence of child abuse in the very child centred Traveller community than in the non-Traveller community. Travellers do tend to be strict disciplinarians but there is also a high level of physical affection within families. Enlightened social services departments, such as Bromley, recognise the Traveller lifestyle and state that they take Traveller culture into consideration in their assessments and are careful to offer support. It is recognised that there is a strong cultural expectation that Travellers stay at home and learn their roles full time from early teens and girls in particular carry out domestic tasks and help rear their younger siblings from an early age.18 Griffiths illustrates this with a quote from a mother about the best way to keep her baby amused: just love it, kiss it, talk to it and cuddle it.19 However, Griffiths and Arnold also point to children who do appear to suffer from emotional neglect, either because there have been too many siblings too quickly, or because mothers suffering from their own problems, such as domestic violence, deprivation and depression, are too absorbed in their problems to meet the emotional needs of their children.19 There are other factors that affect the health status of Travellers. A national population based study of health of Irish Travellers showed a greater prevalence of congenital anomalies in Travellers compared with Irish Eastern Health Board region births (5.5%v 2.9%) and a significant difference in the prevalence of metabolic conditions with autosomal recessive inheritance (12.4/1000 v 1.3/1000). The incidence of first cousin marriages in the Traveller population was 19% compared with 0.16% in a settled population.14 Families at risk require culturally sensitive genetic counselling to enable them to make informed decisions. The Traveller community perceives substantial economic and social advantages in these consanguineous unions (A Bittles, 1996, personal communication).15 Access to health care Poor access to health care is the almost universal experience of Travellers; inequality in the availability and use of health services in relation to need is in itself socially unjust and requires alleviation.20 The alienation and discrimination experienced by Travellers is one of the most important factors influencing their health: the central problem for the Traveller population in this country is the hostility of the settled population.13 This hostility is expressed by all levels of society and is seemingly reinforced by successive government policies. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 recently removed rights and introduced new penalties for travelling, thus effectively criminalising their nomadic way of life.22 The experience of trying to obtain health care can be extremely humiliating and rejecting. It increases stress and can cause a potentially serious delay in receiving appropriate treatment. Travellers often lack information about services, partly because of literacy problems. Many general practitioners will not have Travellers on their lists. A survey in East London showed that 10% of practices would not accept them at all.23 Blatant prejudice about Travellers is evidently politically acceptable, although a similar policy about black patients would be treated as racial discrimination. Missed appointments are a frequent source of irritation to health care providers, but appointments might not be received when the family has no postal address or has been forced to move to another area. The situation has worsened since the introduction of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Travellers are now moved on much more quickly (often just by threat of enforcement), which adds to their problems in keeping medical appointments. Professionals are often reluctant to offer further appointments even when the family want to attend. Travellers fear being detected too quickly by authorities because of the risk of eviction, so the first contact with health workers may be when a child has to be taken to the local hospital. In some areas, where there are major difficulties, a salaried general practitioner approach is now being piloted for Travellers and homeless people. The obvious advantages are that the general practitioner is freed from financial concerns in meeting targets and can build up a trusting relationship with the Traveller community. Usually, the salaried general practitioner will have chosen to work with this group, as will the rest of the primary care team, and therefore be culturally sensitive and more readily understand their circumstances and concerns. Continuity of care will be more likely because of the trust engendered. It is also more likely that preventative services will be accepted because the surgery will be less likely to be seen as a crisis only venue. Although it can be reasonably argued that a Traveller specific service further reinforces the social exclusion of Travellers, until primary care services in general can more readily adapt to Travellers on their lists there will be a continued benefit in provision of salaried general practitioner services. Other obstacles to provision of health care include different cultural attitudes to precise dates (including dates of birth) and time, and different perceptions of illness and treatment. In a study of Travellers perceptions and experiences of health, the concept of time figured frequently and was seen as an important issue.24 Lack of access to medical records affects continuity of care, and the National Association of Health Workers with Travellers (NAHWT) is currently seeking government backing to launch and promote the use of a national client held record for Travellers. As with other minorities, the first essential is knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of their culture. This helps staff to overcome the various obstacles to health care and to deal with their own exasperation about the perceived lack of conformity in the Traveller community.

Othello vs O the Modern Spin Essay -- essays research papers

‘O is a modern spin on Othello that attempts to address issues that are relevant for a contemporary audience. However, ultimately the literary value of Othello is lost in this appropriation† The film ‘O’ directed by Tim Blake Nelson is a recognised contemporary interpretation of Shakespeare’s classic tragedy Othello, which addresses a number of issues that are relevant to a modern day audience compared to that of the past. The director of the film has changed crucial parts of the play which makes the play such a classic, which has essentially ruined the literary value of Othello. This is evident for a number of concepts including, the overt links between the play and film, the power of words and language and Iago and his motives The director of ‘O’ has made errors which causes Othello to lose its literary value. Othello is known as classic artistic play however, the director of the film has caused the play to lose this element. Of course the director has made overt links between the play and the film. The obvious links between the play and the film include the naming of the characters for example naming Othello’s character O and naming Desdemona’s character Desi. When Desi and O first have sexual intercourse they are in a hotel called ‘Willow’ which represents the song sung by Desdemona when she is about to die. The role of women in the play and the film remain the same, the submissive and obedient type. Yet, in today’s society women would be more confident and feministic in their ways. These obvious and almost childlike connections between ‘O’ and Othello does not necessarily mean that ‘O’ is effective appropriation of the play. The beauty of Othello is the power of words and language. The play uses articulate... ...n†/last line, this shows no reasons. Whats the effect? The character Iago – doesn’t fulfol the audience curisoty. The new – give motives (typical hollywood) drugs and dad – brings Iago back to audience’s ‘reality’ of the world and hence destroys any substance to character and movie. Nelson goes so far to completely interpret the character of iago incorrectly, and impress his interpretations on the audience. In the film the director has made the mistake of giving Hugo motives such as the use of steroids and his father saying ‘I love Odin like he is my own son’. This causes Hugo to rage with anger and jealousy and therefore plan his devious revenge. This is the typical Hollywood film that spoon feeds the audience so they know exactly what is going on. In the original Iago is given know reason to act like this towards Othello, the audience is left to interpret

Ashley Bracero september Essay

America a land of hope and prosperity, one might even go as far as saying ,†The land of Dreams†. People from all over the world migrate to our great country for the luxurious rights we offer to all our people. Some of those rights including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, and The right to privacy. But what if we told everyone one who entered the united states that there was a catch ? That at any moment if the goverment felt threatened enough, they could twist those rights to there benefit ? Do you think people would still view America as a getaway or more like a false advertisement ? Now we will try and dicuss one topic that has been raising a huge controversy in America today, security vs privacy. Ever since it has been revealed that the goverment has been hacking into american citizens private information for ,†Security Meaures,† America has been going into a spiral of doubt. Both parties are making compelling arguments regarding their reasoning and perspective on the matter of security vs privacy. The huge question being raised,†Is security actually more Important than privacy ? The goverment may tell you yes; that the precautions they are taking are only minor set backs necesary for the continuation of a strong society. In my opinion this is just yet another fib told to keep the goverment in control of what has been spiraling in the other direction since 9/11. Fear of Terrorism has fueled many changes in The United States , some proving better than others. For example, The TSA has been given massive amounts of power to protect America and has been rediculed for being unconstitutional, too expensive, and ineffective, yet it remains. Little by little it seems that the goverments fear of terrorism is beginning to drive them to any measures. Threatening the privacy of their own citizens to protect national security. The worst part is some of these under cover plans are so top secret it often takes leaks to get the truth on how much of our privacy is actually being threatened. Realistically you can not have a hunderd percent of privacy along with a hunderd percent of security, so, as an American citizen i chose privacy. I believe security should come as a choice, not to say it does not withold a huge place in society, because realistically without security the world would rapidally fall into choas. Privacy is a natural right more of an obligation that should always be presented to us no matter what the circumstance. America’s power has always laid in our rights and freedoms. It is America’s individualism and personal freedom that our enemies often hate the most. So, I believe if we change our great society to make us less free we are rolling around in their hands as pawns . I do not believe that we should neglect our liberties for one victory, for the chance that it might deminish the reputation that makes our society great. Forcing important networks like facebook, yahoo, and many more to relinquish private information is a huge disrespect to all citizens. Every citizen has the right to privacy, even the idea of privacy originated from the fourth amendment. Ironically, though the goverment seems to dismiss that fact for reasonings they seem only intitled to debate on. For a country that has comforted citizens on the idea that we are a democracy, the goverment begins to show the public holes in their stories and true intentions. Slowly the public is being to sway a different direction since it was revealed the goverment was hacking into americans private information. In 2010 a Pew research survey was held and showed that 32 percent of people believed that the goverments anti-terrorism policies have gone to far in restricting the average persons civil liberities. That means 66 percent of people found it vaild and implaced for a reasonable cause. In 2011 the same survey was conducted by the same organization and found that 53 percent now found that it has gone too far, thats more than half the people surveyed in 2010 . So, with that piece of information we see that people arent just doubting the goverment, they are begining to re-evaulate their own way of thinking. I believe if the goverment continues to deny us our full privleged right to privacy, we will crumble as a nation and they will being to lose not only our trust but our respect. No matter how much our society improves and develops there will always be a threat. So, if they begin to strip away our rights now , how long will it take before we lose more ? Don’t just take my word for it , here are some people who co-exist with my idea that privacy holds more substance and reasoning than security. Jessica from Debate.org says, † Now the reason for why i feel privacy is more important, is as simple as, If i owned a home of 5 acres and bought that land. A home because i wanted to feel secluded. This allows for me to walk around my home naked if i would like without a curtain down, or go swimming in my pool naked. If i knew i was being watched 24/7 like many famous people it would make me go insane, and i would not be able to deal with it.† Also, fliex jimenez, 17 says,† Security is always going to be there no matter how much we have of it, but, once you take away someones privacy you cant get it back. Its kind of like respect when you cross that line you just cant re-write that wrong.† In conclusion, privacy is a valuable thing to many citizens. lately the right we use to have is being to stripped away from us layer by layer. Many people are debating wether security holds more value than privacy but when it comes to statistcs it seems that is not the case. Like Benjamin Franklin said,† They that can give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserves neither liberty or safety.† So as a country we continue to try and fight this idea of selling moral rights for temporary safety promised by the goverment. So, like Benjamin Franklin said we must remember to hold on to important things such as our privacy and not sell it for something that has unpredicatable outcomes and strive for a greater stronger country were all people are respected.

Definition of Marketing

Definition of Marketing According to American Marketing Association, marketing involves identifying the items and services that customers prefer. After identifying the items and services, an approach is then developed for pursuing customers to make the purchase. For marketing to be successful, it has to quench the customers’ needs (Kotler Keller, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alternatively, marketing can be defined as the course through which organizations increase the worth of their items and services to attract the attention of customers. Additionally, the Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as one of the tasks assigned to management and includes discovering, looking forward to and satisfying customer needs with the aim getting returns (Mohan, 2005). Once the marketer has discovered customers’ needs, he/she should strive to improve the quality of the goods and services. The next step entails informing the customers about the item and service whose value has been improved to meet their needs. Kotler and Keller (2009) argue that the main objective of marketing is to sensitize the public about the existence of a given item or a service. This awareness can be spread through advertising and there are many channels of advertising, which include the Internet, radio, television, posters, and billboards. When marketing an item its important to focus on the needs of the potential customers because this is what will make them want to buy the good or service. Exaggerating the features of an item or service will only drive customers away because they will feel as if they are helping someone achieve his/her sales targets. After addressing the needs of the customers, they will probably be content and refer the goods or services to their friends, which will eventually lead to organizational development. The above statement may sound too good to be true, but analyzing it from another perspective confirms that it is actually true. For instance, if an organization that sells farming equipments satisfies the needs of several customers by making the equipments more durable, the contented customers will refer other farmers who are in need of durable equipments the organization supply. As time moves by, the customers will swell and the organization will have to make more farming equipments to meet the increase in demand. Additionally, more employees will have to be brought on board to help the organization achieve its mission. In this regard, marketing is important to any given organization and thus, the success of a business rests on its marketing techniques. First, Mohan (2005) states that marketing tells the outside world about the goods and services that can be obtained from a certain organization. This suggests that people cannot tell what an organization deals with, unless they hear from the organization itself.Adve rtising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This sensitization is usually achieved at a cost, but the benefits sought after are worth the expenses. For instance, Toyota is the leading automaker and currently, the company is developing a model powered by a lithium battery. Thus, the company has to inform the public about this initiative. However, there are companies that do not need to market their items and services because they have been in the industry for so long and have a good reputation. Similarly, marketing is perceived to have a positive influence towards increasing the revenue generated from the sale of an item or service. In fact, customers cannot buy unfamiliar items or services. When a new items or services are introduced in the market, the customers are reluctant to purchase it because they do not know anything about it. Marketing therefore helps to increase the sale s earned from a given item/service. According to Bell (n.d.), informed customers are most likely to buy an item, and the more they are informed the more they buy. The customers will make the purchase for various reasons. Some will purchase the item or service just for the sake of trying it, while others may want to confirm what they hear their friends say about the product/service. Furthermore, marketing ensures that people are aware about a particular item or service and the benefits that come with it. For instance, when Samsung introduced plasma TV, it had to sensitize the public about this item through commercials that were aired in TV stations, billboards and the Internet. The cost of advertising was high, but its nothing compared to the revenue that was earned from the increase in sales. Marketers anticipate that the sales will continue to increase as the awareness campaigns increase. This is because there are people who have not yet heard about this product and they will proba bly purchase it once they are informed about it. Lastly, marketing enhances the reputation of an organization. This is because organizations use marketing as the platform to familiarize the public with their brand name. This is because people loyalty to brand names that are marketed intensively. People refer to their familiarity with a given brand to gauge its reputation and thus, they cannot trust items or services that sound or look foreign to them (Kotler Keller, 2009). For instance, customers who wish to buy mobile phones may prefer the most common models such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola and Apple. This is because they are familiar with these brands and they know where to get the accessories that are compatible with these brands. This suggests that no one wants to be the first to use a new brand and thus, every one wants to try what others have already tried.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Bell. P. (n.d.). Importance of Developing a Marketing Strategy Plan. Web. Kotler, P. Keller, K. L. (2009). Marketing Management (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Mohan, J.K. (2005). International Marketing. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Marxism and Crime essays

Marxism and Crime essays In formulating an appropriate and adequate response to any question or topic, it is almost essential for one to come to a thorough understanding of not only the question asked but also any other issues that might emanate from the topic. In the answering of the issue at hand, analysing the challenge of labelling approaches, Marxist/new criminology, and feminist approaches upon common sense assumptions about getting tough on crime, one must not assume their own knowledge is adequately suffice, but instead look to broader definitions and understandings of the topics surrounding the issue. Additionally and most importantly draw upon the conclusions and responses of suitably extended and established research from a maximum variance of sources. In examining the validity of how common these debates on tougher prison sentencing and more police powers actually are, the representation and stances of those claiming to represent the publics view in criminal law and order, being those running for state election, seem to be a sensible and even ideal position to commence queries. State election time in New South Wales is undoubtedly the time where prominent questioning of criminal and justice systems of the state is most frequent. From the start of the examination and probing of the Australian criminal justice systems at public state election this year up until the present continuance of inquiries, one common aspect continues to be asked and beckoned a call for tougher sentencing and tougher laws for those convicted of crimes. A dominant aspect of this call is the concept of zero tolerance. Young (1999) suggests that zero tolerance aims on a policing or executive level to flag an intolerance of incivilities, to sweep the streets clean of deviance and disorder, to deal with aggressive beggars, loiters, drunks and prostitutes. Young additionally suggests there are five specific elements to this concept, w...

Review of David Crabtree lecture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of David Crabtree lecture - Assignment Example The third concept was that of knowing about learning in order for the teachers to be able to meet every childs need in terms of learning and reaching their potential. 2) Teachers have to know about learning so they can work out the learning differences with the young people they are working with and also adopt and change their teaching to suit the young people’s needs. 4) The disability social structure is such that the society disables people because it orders things in some way that not all people get access. It is the society to make changes and not the individual with special needs. 6) The legal framework is that if a child with disability is not educated to their potential or suffers discrimination in some way then they have a right to sue. The teaching standards are that a teacher needs to have the skills, ability and training to effect change and have an understanding of all pupils including those with special needs. 10) Funding was initially based on individual needs but now schools receive a global fund for all children with needs that require special attention, not considering whether they have had an assessment or not. 19) All teachers must be trained on cognition learning in order to be able to identify areas that they need to help in and also know how to deal with various issues that arise in the course of their teaching. 20) Transition arrangements are necessary in enabling the teachers to undergo the various trainings and ample time to learn the skills they need in order to teach children with special needs in the right way. This lecture aims at providing detailed information on inclusive learning and ways of helping young people who have special needs in reaching their potential. The information was obtained by David Crabtree through becoming a teacher trainer for teachers who teach children with special needs, especially dyslexia. The observation made was that teachers needed more training in order to be able to

The Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Middle Ages - Essay Example According to (Bates,2009) â€Å"In thinking about the characteristics of a good society different people tend to emphasize different things that they consider to be important e.g. egalitarianism, personal freedom, moral values and spirituality†. Different political philosophers have different opinion about a good society. Political philosophers gives their idea based on their judgment and thinking and hence their ideas and concepts varies. However all political philosophers advocate an ideal society as one which is peaceful, prosperous and moral .Freedom of the people is also of great concern when it comes to an ideal society .The two political philosophers to be considered here are Martin Luther and Niccolo Machiavelli and their ideas and perception on a good society. Martin Luther is a professor, theologian and church reformer who believed ardently in God’s judgment and Human righteousness. Niccolo Machiavelli is a historian and diplomat from Italy and had a positive view on politics and human welfare. Martin Luther on Good Society Martin Luther was a person who had strong faith in God and was a monk whose teaching had profound impact on the society of his times. He was an advocate of love, peace, truth and Christian doctrines. He emphasized on virtue and suggested that good work must follow faith. He believed that a person should be good before he does any good act and a good person can only form a good society. His moral perception was that classical ethics of Christianity should be the basic fundamentals for an ideal society. Luther is of opinion that truth must be the foundation of a good society and not religion. As per (Voude, 2010pg.27)â€Å"Luther suggests that without truth, society founds no basis for government , no purpose in education and no standard for the passing along of the information†. Luther believed that Godlessness can lead to the destruction of a society. He demanded that faith and reason is essential element for t he well being of a person and a society. Luther explained that every member of a society should educate themselves through reading and writing to promote a society. Ignorance should not be an excuse or an option for anyone. He advocated that religion has a prominent role in the betterment of a society. Martin Luther believed in giving power to the people and allowing mass education for the upliftment of the society. He wanted the members of a society to be critical thinkers and active participants. According to him an ideal society should not be slave to the oppression by the wealthy and rich class. Niccolo Machiavelli on a Good Society Niccolo Machiavelli is a great philosopher and a political thinker Italy has ever seen. Machiavelli had a positive outlook on humanity but had a bad reputation as leader as Hitler and Mussolini followed him to acquire and power and position in the society. Machiavelli highly regarded for position and power in a society and believed not much on moral and ethics. He is supportive of war and explained many strategies to win a war. This shows that he is not a person who idealizes peace and harmony .He is a person who gives importance to passions and dominative power. Machiavelli was more concentrated on gaining power and authority by the means of war. He believed that evil actions can bring good results. He believed that the common men are of weak nature and require a strong ruler in order to remain in

Is Libertarian Paternalism a good idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Libertarian Paternalism a good idea - Essay Example Nudge is the method of influencing behavior by ways of choice architecting. The feedback system in a school and incentive programs in organizations are all different example of this Nudge. Being a parent in this age is not an easy task. Over the decades the position of teenagers has changed considerably. There was once a time when all the focus was on the elder generations. The television programs, products etc everything targeted the elders. However this generation has seen a totally different side of affairs. If we look around we can see how much importance the younger generations are given. There are special products, television shows, movies and many other aspects of life which are entirely focused and dedicated to them. This treatment of teenagers has changed the ‘obedient child’ into an independent person. This person knows his rights and importance and therefore is not willing to give up any part of his independence. This phenomenon makes the life of parents even tougher. They have to control a generation of independent teenagers who are inexperienced about life no matter how much they brag about being all grownup. There are many different forms of knowledge. The internet has an adequate quantity of literature about everything and anything. There are some aspects of knowledge however which cannot be learned overnight. This branch of knowledge is usually referred to as experience. There are many decisions in life which require us to make choices that could not only affect us but also have considerable affects on others around us. We are forced to make those choices despite the fact that we sometimes are not ready to make them. This is the problem many parents face. They cannot interfere directly with decisions of their children but cannot also watch them ruin their own life. The parents are usually more experienced in making choices because they have seen

Organisational dialouge Essay Example for Free

Organisational dialouge Essay Question 2: A range of authors (e.g. Gerard and Ellinor 2001; Isaacs 1993, 1999; Schein 1993; Senge 1995) suggest that dialogue can positively transform organizational cultures. Do you agree with this assessment? Why? Why not? Engage with relevant academic literature in developing your argument. Student Name: Nguyen Vu Hoang Dung Student Number: 11477445 In organization people spend 80 percent of their time to communicate (The British Psychological Society 2012). Communication is a key tool to share information, foster different opinions and build alignment and trust. According to Gerard Teurfs (1995), the process of dialogue is an invitation to create organization cultures through conversations. It acts as a learning environment that shifting individuals to â€Å"a deeper understanding of collaboration in groups, and a new way of sensing their connections to others throughout the organization† (Querubin 2011, p.19). It brings all the ideas together and suspends judgment so people will have a greater chance to understand each other (Brayman, Grey Stearns 2010). This essay will analyze the role of dialogue in transforming organizational cultures positively and all the benefits it brings. However, it will also examine the challenges of implementing dialogue. Organizational culture includes shared values and beliefs that guide behaviors of all members and determine the way things should be done in the organization (Sergiovanni 1984). Company has its own culture usually indicates higher performance. The role of dialogue is not only to spread the common values and meanings that company wants its employees to follow but also allow everyone to express their own interest. According to Gerard and  Ellinor (2001), the main purpose of dialogue is to produce collective understanding. Firstly, they compared the differences between dialogue and discussion. In discussion, people tend to protect their own thoughts and do not truly concern about other’s opinions and needs. They play as a speaker’s role rather than as a listener. It might leave the remainder out of discussion with frustration, isolation and disrespect. Decisions could be made by the person who has the most power and influence in the group (Gerard and Ellinor 2001). Hence it weakens the aim of enhancing organizational cultures. In contrast, when employees participate in a dialogue, their role as a listener is more important than as a speaker. They desire to hear what others want to say. They try to fit all different perspectives into a common value. Therefore, if issues occur, they listen to deeply understand other’s thoughts and opinions (Gerard and Ellinor 2001). By doing that, employees are getting closer to each other and conflicts are minimized. They help their team or their department to build shared culture. Secondly, Gerard and Ellinor (2001) stated five skills of dialogue including suspension of judgment, listening, reflection, assumption identification and inquiry. They defined the meaning of suspension in dialogue is not to stop one’s judgment about a problem. Instead, they have to aware what their judgments are and â€Å"then holding them lightly so they can still hear what others are saying† (Gerard and Ellinor 2001, p. 7). After listening carefully to other’s ideas, they need to reflect their own assumptions. Therefore, to revising whether those assumptions are linked to the organization or not. If they cannot understand the differences, they must inquire for more information. Hence, this process of dialogue enables each employee to foster different views and converge them together to become one unique aim. Organizational culture is enhanced. In agreement with Gerard and Ellinor, Isaacs (1999) analyzed four principles of dialogue based on Bohm’s research in 1996. They are listening, respecting, suspending and voicing. Firstly, Isaacs had compared listening skill in dialogue to listening to music. He stated a single note of music could not deliver the meaning of the whole song. It is similar to one’s role in a conversation. A single idea is not sufficient to set purposes and  cultures for the whole organization. Hence, dialogue is an excellent practice to give people a chance to listen deeply and get into the nature of the conversation. Secondly, he defined respecting as getting to know more about one person and figure out what sources or circumstances has created their particular thinking. Based on this understanding, people in an organization will pay more respect to each other. The main goal of respecting in dialogue is not to seek decision but to tolerate difference, gap and conflict (Isaacs 1999). The third principle of dialogue, suspending, is determined similar to Gerard and Ellinor (2001). And the last principle Isaacs mentioned is voicing. He suggested people should listen internally so as to select what should say and what should not say in a circumstance. Sometimes keeping silence and listen can achieve the best result. Therefore, the purpose of voicing means people contribute their speech, not only for themselves, but to the whole idea. Overall, these principles are considered having positive effects on organizational learning. They emphasize group and organization achievements rather than an individual accomplishment. In Schein’s study (1993), he described dialogue as â€Å"talking around the campfire† (p. 391). He used â€Å"campfire† as a metaphor to explain how decision is made through dialogue. In the past, people sat around campfire during meeting and shared their own opinions. Arguments would never come up as people just simply expressed their thoughts without any discussion or debate. Through that, they were aware themselves which idea was acceptable and were unacceptable (Schein 1993). This process allowed enough time for each person to listen to a deeper layer of other’s opinions then reflect on their own assumptions. Moreover, Schein introduced the check-in concept. At the beginning of the meeting, each person will respectively contribute his or her ideas, views and feelings to the group as a whole, and therefore, â€Å"has helped to create the group† (Schein 1993, p. 392). Lastly, Schein stressed the limitation of eye contact. This makes people feel ea sier to suspend disagreements and concentrate on listening. Senge (1995) determined dialogue as a facilitator for team learning. Based on his research, team is the key unit to build culture in an organization. By applying dialogue into team learning process, it develops shared vision and  brings result every member truly desires. It also creates teamwork and shares equal leadership to each member in the group. Through sharing a common pool of meaning, culture is positively transforming from individual to group values and beliefs. Although dialogue is proved to have a great effect on organizational culture, there are challenges in implementing it into organization learning system. The first challenge is due to hierarchy level in an organization (Raelin 2012). Dialogue requires equal say and sharing from each member of the organization. However, employees tend to afraid of expressing their true views in front of their managers. They leave decision making to people at higher position. In top-down companies, upper levels of management have full knowledge of desired targets, goals and norms. They have the right and ability to create and change organizational culture. They enforce rules and duties on their employee. They usually do not spend time to listen to individual’s opinion and feeling. Hence, it is very challenging to apply dialogue into this type of business. Furthermore, if the organization involves a cross-culture, that employee come from different culture backgrounds, there is a need for a more lengthy and complicated process of dialogue (Schein 1993). In this type of organization, people use different languages and operate from different mental models. Organization needs to design a dialogue that enables all these people to communicate effectively. Thornhill, Lewis Saunders (2000) also emphasized there is may be a need to â€Å"re-designing of performance appraisal systems and reward systems† and â€Å"the re-definition of job roles to induce employees into accept the new behavior expected from them† (p. 27). Hence it is costly and time consuming. Finally, dialogue may not be suitable to apply to all organizations cultures in the world. For example, Western culture is different from Eastern culture. As dialogue encourage the limitation of eye contact (Schein 1993), people from the West will consider this as impolite or even disrespectful (Spindler 1990). In addition, in Western countries people prefer confrontation whereas Eastern people prefer to say what they feel most  appropriate in this circumstance or least hurtful to the others (Schein 1993). Therefore, dialogue must be selective so it is suitable for each particular organization. In conclusion, dialogue has played a key role in positively transforming organizational culture. It acts as a learning environment that shifts individual to group thinking. It leads each employee to recognize the essential of collaborating in a group. Querubin (2011) demonstrated that dialogue enables members to â€Å"become open to diversity and lose an â€Å"us vs. them† paradigm so prevalent in task-oriented cultures† (p. 19). Hence, group achievement is more important than individual accomplishment. Moreover, dialogue includes suspending of judgment, listening, respect, reflection, assumption and voicing. Through all these principles, dialogue creates collective understanding and leads all members of the organization to higher commitment. However, the implementation of dialogue still faces several challenges, including hierarchy levels, time consuming and different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, selective approach of dialogue must be considered to apply to specifi c organization. REFERENCES Bohm, D. 1996, On Dialogue. Ed. Lee Nichol, Routledge, London New York. Brayman, J., Grey, M. Stearns, M. 2010, Taking Flight to Literacy and Leadership, Rowman Littlefield, viewed 16 December 2010, Ellinor, L. Gerard, G. 2001, Dialogue at Work: Skills at Leveraging Collective Understanding, Pegasus Communications, Waltham, MA. Ellinor, L. Gerard, G. 2001, Dialogue at Work: Skills at Leveraging Collective Understanding, Pegasus Communications, Waltham, MA, pp. 7. Gerard, G. Teurfs, L. 1995, Dialogue and Organizational Transformation, 1st edn, Sterling Stone, Inc., San Francisco. Isaacs, W. 1999, Dialogue and the Art of Thinking Together: A Pioneering Approach to Communicating in Business and in Live, Currency, New York. Querubin, C. 2011, ‘The effect on the organization’, Dialogue: Creating Shared Meaning and Other Benefits for Business, pp. 19, Raelin, J. 2012, ‘Dialogue and deliberation as expressions of democratic leadership in participatory organizational change’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 25. Schein , E. H. 1993, On dialogue, culture, and organizational learning . Organizational Dynamics, pp 391-392. Senge, P. M. 1995, The spirit of personal mastery, MN: Charthouse International Learning Corporation, Burnsville. Sergiovanni, T. 1984, ‘Leadership and excellence in schooling’, Educational Leadership Journal, vol. 4. Spindler, G. 1993, The American Cultural Dialogue and Its Transmission, Psychology Press, The British Psychological Society 2012, Dialogue: How to create change in organizations through conversation, viewed 14 May 2012, http://www.bps.org.uk/events/dialogue-how-create-change-organisations-through-conversation-1 Thornhill, A., Lewis, M. Saunders, M. 2000, Managing Change: A Human Resource Strategy Approach, Prentice Hall, London.